Plant Kingdom

Refer to the labelled diagram below for the stages of embryonic development in a dicot plant: - The embryonic development in dicots progresses through distinct stages: - Globular stage: A spherical mass of cells forms. - Heart-shaped stage: Cotyledons begin to emerge, giving the embryo a heart shape. - Torpedo stage: The cotyledons elongate, and the shoot and root meristems become prominent. - Mature embryo stage: The embryo has two cotyledons, a plumule (shoot tip), and a radicle (root tip), ready for germination.

Insertional inactivation ensures that the cloned DNA disrupts the marker gene, providing a visual or functional confirmation of successful transformation (e.g., loss of antibiotic resistance or colour change).