Biomolecules

Acrolein test is positive for oils and fats.

When fat is heated in the presence of (dehydrating agent) the glycerol portion of the molecule is dehydrated and forms an unsaturated aldehyde (acrolein), a bed-smelling compound. Such pungent irritating odor or smell of acrolein confirms the presence of fat or oil. It is the test for fat.

Therefore, option C is the correct answer.

The C - C glycosidic bond is typically found in polysaccharides like starch, where glucose molecules are linked by alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds. However, sucrose, which is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose, is linked by an alpha-1,2-glycosidic bond, not a C - C bond. Maltose and lactose contain C - C glycosidic bonds.

So, the correct answer is (B): Sucrose

In a nucleic acid chain, the bases pair according to complementary base pairing rules:

Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) (in DNA) or Uracil (U) (in RNA).
Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C).

The given primary structure is: G A T G C .......

Now, applying the complementary base pairing rules:
G pairs with C.
A pairs with T.
T pairs with A.
G pairs with C.
C pairs with G.
The complementary strand is: C T A C G .......

The correct answer is (C) : C T A C G …

To solve this problem, we need to identify the component responsible for the chirality of RNA and DNA.

1. Understanding Chirality in RNA and DNA:
RNA and DNA are both chiral molecules, meaning they lack an internal plane of symmetry and can exist in non-superimposable mirror image forms (enantiomers). The chirality in RNA and DNA arises from the structural components they are composed of, which include sugars, bases, and phosphate groups. The sugar component is the key element that imparts chirality to these molecules.

2. Identifying the Sugar Component:
Both RNA and DNA contain sugar molecules as part of their structure. The sugar in RNA is ribose, and in DNA, it is deoxyribose. These sugars are chiral because they have a central carbon (the anomeric carbon) with four different substituents, making them stereocenters. The sugars used in RNA and DNA are of the D-configuration, specifically D-ribose in RNA and D-deoxyribose in DNA, which contributes to their chirality. Therefore, the chirality of RNA and DNA is due to the presence of the D-sugar component.

3. Analyzing the Options:
Let’s evaluate each option based on the sugar's contribution to chirality in RNA and DNA:

• Option (A) "D-Sugar component" is correct because the D-sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) in RNA and DNA is responsible for their chirality.
• Option (B) "L-Sugar component" is incorrect because RNA and DNA contain D-sugar, not L-sugar.
• Option (C) "Chiral bases" is incorrect because while the bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil) are part of the structure, they do not contribute to the overall chirality of RNA and DNA. The chirality primarily arises from the sugar component.
• Option (D) "Chiral phosphate ester unit" is incorrect because the phosphate ester unit is not the source of chirality in RNA and DNA.

Final Answer:
The correct answer is (A) "D-Sugar component."

The Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) is the regulatory body responsible for approving drugs, vaccines, and other medical interventions in India. In May 2021, the DCGI granted emergency use authorization for 2-deoxy-D-Glucose (2-DG) as an adjunct therapy in moderate to severe COVID-19 cases. This decision was based on the recommendations of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), which conducted clinical trials and found promising results for the use of 2-DG in COVID-19 treatment.

The other options, such as the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), and World Health Organization (WHO), play significant roles in healthcare and research but are not directly involved in the approval process for specific drugs at the national level in India.

Receptors are proteins that are crucial for body communication processes. These receptors are embedded in specific structures of the cell. Let's analyze the options:

Explanation:

• Option C: Endocrine gland - This is incorrect. Endocrine glands secrete hormones but are not the location where receptors are embedded.
• Option D: Chromosomes - This is incorrect. Chromosomes are involved in genetic material storage and inheritance, not in receptor function.
• Option A: Cell membrane - Correct. Receptors are typically embedded in the cell membrane, where they interact with signaling molecules to transmit information into the cell.
• Option B: Protein - This is incorrect. While receptors are proteins, the option is too broad and does not specify where these receptors are embedded.

Conclusion:

The correct answer is Option A: Cell membrane, as receptors are embedded in the cell membrane to facilitate communication between the cell and external signals.

Explanation:

Vitamin A deficiency causes Night-blindness (iii).

Vitamin D deficiency leads to Osteomalacia (iv).

Vitamin E deficiency results in Muscular weakness (i).

Vitamin K deficiency causes Increased blood clotting time (ii).

Correct matching:

Vitamin A → Night-blindness (iii)

Vitamin D → Osteomalacia (iv)

Vitamin E → Muscular weakness (i)

Vitamin K → Increased blood clotting time (ii)

Conclusion:

The correct answer is Option B: I - iii, II - iv, III - i, IV - ii.

To understand the relationship between -D-(+)-glucose and -D-(+)-glucose, we need to consider their structural differences and properties:

Definition of Anomers: Anomers are a type of stereoisomer that differ in configuration specifically at the anomeric carbon. In glucose, the anomeric carbon is the first carbon atom in the sugar ring. The orientation of the hydroxyl group (OH) attached to the anomeric carbon distinguishes anomers

Structure of -D-(+)-glucose and -D-(+)-glucose: In the cyclic form of glucose, the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon can be oriented in two different ways:

• : The hydroxyl group at the anomeric carbon is on the same side as the hydroxyl group on the highest numbered asymmetric carbon (usually on the opposite side of the CH₂OH group in the Haworth projection).
• : The hydroxyl group at the anomeric carbon is on the opposite side compared to the hydroxyl group on the highest numbered asymmetric carbon (usually on the same side as the CH₂OH group in the Haworth projection).

Conclusion: The difference in the orientation of the hydroxyl group at the anomeric carbon distinguishes -D-(+)-glucose and -D-(+)-glucose as anomers. Therefore, the correct answer is Anomers.

By analyzing the structure and definition of anomers, we can understand why -D-(+)-glucose and -D-(+)-glucose are considered anomers rather than enantiomers, conformers, or epimers.