Soaps And Detergents

Step 1: Understand the saponification value.
The saponification value is a measure of the amount of base (usually ) required to hydrolyze a given quantity of fat or oil. It is expressed as the number of milligrams of KOH required to saponify 1 gram of fat or oil.

Step 2: Analyze the options.
- (1) : Ammonium hydroxide is not used in saponification reactions. - (2) : This is the correct base used in the saponification reaction to hydrolyze fats or oils.
- (3) : This is phenol, which is not used in the saponification reaction.
- (4) : Potassium hydroxide is another base that can be used, but sodium hydroxide is more commonly used for saponification value measurement.

Step 3: Conclusion.
The correct answer is (2), , as it is the base commonly used to measure the saponification value.

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
Ionisation potential (IP) increases across period, decreases down group. Also, IP of cation>IP of neutral atom.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
Electronic configurations:
N (7): - half-filled stable
O (8): - less stable
O (7 electrons): same as N but higher nuclear charge (Z=8)
Na: - low IP
O has highest IP due to higher Z than N and same configuration.
Step 3: Final Answer:
Thus, O has maximum IP.

Concept: Soap molecules form micelles in solution.

Step 1: Molecule has hydrophobic tail (CH –chain).

Step 2: It also has hydrophilic head (–COOK).

Step 3: Such molecules aggregate to form micelles in water.

Step 4: Micelles trap grease inside hydrophobic core.
Conclusion:
Correct answer = Micelle

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
Sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate is a synthetic surfactant.

Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
It is an anionic detergent, widely used in laundry and cleaning products because it works well even in hard water.

Step 3: Final Answer:
Detergent