Classification Of Metals Conductors And Semiconductors

Energy Band Diagrams:

(i) Insulator: Insulators have a very large band gap (usually greater than 6 eV) between the valence band and the conduction band. This large gap makes it extremely difficult for electrons to gain enough energy to move from the valence band to the conduction band, hence very low conductivity.

(ii) Semiconductor: Semiconductors have a smaller band gap (about 1 eV for silicon). At absolute zero, they behave like insulators, but at higher temperatures, some electrons gain enough energy to jump to the conduction band, allowing the material to conduct electricity.

(iii) Conductor: In conductors, the valence band and conduction band overlap, or the conduction band is partially filled with electrons. This allows electrons to move freely within the conduction band, resulting in high electrical conductivity.

To obtain the V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode, two setups are required:

1. Forward Biasing: Connect the positive terminal of a battery to the p-type and the negative to the n-type. Include a variable resistor to change the voltage and an ammeter to measure the current.

2. Reverse Biasing: Connect the negative terminal of the battery to the p-type and the positive to the n-type. Similarly, include a variable resistor and an ammeter.

Features of V-I Characteristics:
(i) Forward Biasing: In forward biasing, the diode conducts current easily after surpassing the threshold voltage (typically around 0.7V for silicon diodes). The current increases exponentially with an increase in voltage

(ii) Reverse Biasing:
In reverse biasing, the diode does not conduct until a critical reverse breakdown voltage is reached. Under normal reverse bias conditions, the current is very small (leakage current) and nearly constant despite changes in voltage