Water Pollution

Temporary hardness of water is primarily caused by the presence of dissolved calcium and magnesium bicarbonates. These can be removed by boiling the water or by using methods like Clark's method. Clark's method involves adding lime (calcium hydroxide) to water to precipitate the calcium bicarbonate as calcium carbonate, which removes the temporary hardness. Other methods like the Permutit process and synthetic resin method are used for permanent hardness, and Calgon method is typically used for softening in industrial applications.